Gordis Epidemiology 6th Edition by David D Celentano

Cover image Title page Table of Contents Notes to Instructors Copyright In Memoriam Preface Acknowledgments Section I: The Epidemiologic Approach to Disease and Intervention Introduction Chapter 1: Introduction What Is Epidemiology? Objectives of Epidemiology Epidemiology and Prevention Epidemiology and Clinical Practice Epidemiologic Approach From Observations to Preventive Actions When the Frequency of a Disease Declines, Who Deserves the Credit? Integrating Prevention and Treatment Conclusion Chapter 2: The Dynamics of Disease Transmission Modes of Transmission Clinical and Subclinical Disease Carrier Status Endemic, Epidemic, and Pandemic Disease Outbreaks Immunity and Susceptibility Herd Immunity Incubation Period Attack Rate Exploring Occurrence of Disease Outbreak Investigation Conclusion Review Questions for Chapter 2 Chapter 3: The Occurrence of Disease: I. Disease Surveillance and Measures of Morbidity Surveillance Stages of Disease in an Individual and in a Population Measures of Morbidity Conclusion Review Questions for Chapter 3 Chapter 4: The Occurrence of Disease: II. Mortality and Other Measures of Disease Impact Measures of Mortality Comparing Mortality in Different Populations Other Measures of the Impact of Disease Conclusion Review Questions for Chapter 4 Chapter 5: Assessing the Validity and Reliability of Diagnostic and Screening Tests Biologic Variation of Human Populations Validity of Screening Tests Use of Multiple Tests Predictive Value of a Test Reliability (Repeatability) of Tests Relationship Between Validity and Reliability Conclusion Appendices to Chapter 5 Review Questions for Chapter 5 Chapter 6: The Natural History of Disease: Ways of Expressing Prognosis Case-Fatality Person-Years Five-Year Survival Observed Survival The Kaplan-Meier Method Assumptions Made in Using Life Tables and Kaplan-Meier Method Apparent Effects on Prognosis of Improvements in Diagnosis Median Survival Time Relative Survival Generalizability of Survival Data Conclusion Review Questions for Chapter 6 Section II: Using Epidemiology to Identify the Cause of Disease Introduction Chapter 7: Observational Studies Case Reports and Case Series Ecologic Studies Cross-Sectional Studies Case-Control Studies Conclusion Review Questions for Chapter 7 Chapter 8: Cohort Studies Design of a Cohort Study Selection of Study Populations Types of Cohort Studies Examples of Cohort Studies Cohort Studies for Investigating Childhood Health and Disease Potential Biases in Cohort Studies When Is a Cohort Study Warranted? Case-Control Studies Based Within a Defined Cohort Conclusion Review Questions for Chapter 8 Chapter 9: Comparing Cohort and Case-Control Studies Chapter 10: Assessing Preventive and Therapeutic Measures: Randomized Trials Selection of Subjects Allocating Subjects to Treatment Groups Without Randomization Allocating Subjects Using Randomization Data Collection on Subjects Crossover Factorial Design Noncompliance Conclusion Chapter 11: Randomized Trials: Some Further Issues Sample Size Recruitment and Retention of Study Participants Ways of Expressing the Results of Randomized Trials Interpreting the Results of Randomized Trials Four Phases in Testing New Drugs in the United States Five Major Randomized Trials in the United States Randomized Trials for Evaluating Widely Accepted Interventions Registration of Clinical Trials Ethical Considerations Conclusion Epilogue Review Questions for Chapters 10 and 11 Chapter 12: Estimating Risk: Is There an Association? Absolute Risk How Do We Determine Whether a Certain Disease Is Associated With a Certain Exposure? Relative Risk Odds Ratio (Relative Odds) Conclusion Review Questions for Chapter 12 Appendix to Chapter 12 Chapter 13: More on Risk: Estimating the Potential for Prevention Attributable Risk Comparison of Relative Risk and Attributable Risk Conclusion Review Questions for Chapter 13 Appendix to Chapter 13: Levin’s Formula for the Attributable Risk for the Total Population Chapter 14: From Association to Causation: Deriving Inferences From Epidemiologic Studies Approaches for Studying Disease Etiology Types of Associations Types of Causal Relationships Evidence for a Causal Relationship Guidelines for Judging Whether an Observed Association Is Causal Deriving Causal Inferences: Two Examples Modifications of the Guidelines for Causal Inferences Conclusion Review Questions for Chapter 14 Chapter 15: More on Causal Inference: Bias, Confounding, and Interaction Bias Confounding Interaction Conclusion Review Questions for Chapter 15 Chapter 16: Identifying the Roles of Genetic and Environmental Factors in Disease Causation Traditional Genetics Complex Diseases Time Trends in Disease Incidence Linkage Analysis in Family Studies Interaction Between Genetic and Environmental Risk Factors Precision Medicine Prospects for the Future Conclusion Review Questions for Chapter 16 Glossary of Genetic Terms for Chapter 16 Section III: Applying Epidemiology to Evaluation and Policy Introduction Chapter 17: Using Epidemiology to Evaluate Health Services Studies of Process and Outcome Efficacy, Effectiveness, and Efficiency Measures of Outcome Comparing Epidemiologic Studies of Disease Etiology and Epidemiologic Research Evaluating Effectiveness of Health Services Evaluation Using Group Data Evaluation Using Individual Data Conclusion Review Questions for Chapter 17 Chapter 18: Epidemiologic Approach to Evaluating Screening Programs Natural History of Disease Pattern of Disease Progression Methodologic Issues Study Designs for Evaluating Screening: Nonrandomized and Randomized Studies Problems in Assessing the Sensitivity and Specificity of Screening Tests Interpreting Study Results That Show No Benefit of Screening Cost-Benefit Analysis of Screening Conclusion Review Questions for Chapter 18 Chapter 19: Epidemiology and Public Policy Epidemiology and Prevention Population Approaches Versus High-Risk Approaches to Prevention Epidemiology and Clinical Medicine: Hormone Replacement Therapy in Postmenopausal Women Risk Assessment Meta-Analysis Publication Bias Epidemiology in the Courts Sources and Impact of Uncertainty Policy Issues Regarding Risk: What Should the Objectives Be? Conclusion Chapter 20: Ethical and Professional Issues in Epidemiology Ethical Issues in Epidemiology Investigators’ Obligations to Study Subjects Protecting Privacy and Confidentiality Access to Data Race and Ethnicity in Epidemiologic Studies Conflict of Interest Interpreting Findings Conclusion Answers to Review Questions Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapters 10 and 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapters 19 and 20 Index